A young FBI agent named Leah Marx arrives in Los Angeles and receives a tip in 2010 about brutal conditions at Men’s Central Jail downtown. Such complaints have gone nowhere for years, since they pit the allegations of inmates against the word of jail deputies. But she finds informants, including a wily bank robber, Anthony Brown, who is facing life in prison and is willing to help. She reflects on a family tragedy that informs her perspective and fuels her sense of mission. Meanwhile, an ambitious young jailer named James Sexton works his way through the ranks, trying to overcome his image as a “brass baby,” the son of a prominent law officer, while navigating a complicated agency where loyalty is a prime value. That jail was notorious for violence and neglect, and outside investigations had rarely gained traction. By entering Men’s Central Jail, the FBI was challenging a department that had long resisted oversight. The series is reported and hosted by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Chris Goffard, best known for his work on Dirty John. Topics in this episode include: Operation Pandora’s Box, Anthony Brown informant, James Sexton, Los Angeles County Jail scandal, FBI investigation, Sheriff Lee Baca.…
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Biology-related podcasts as part of the KYTOS Enrichment Programme. New episodes every fortnight! Visit: www.kytosbiology.org.uk for full details Visit: www.youtube.com/mriexplains for Science video tutorials 'KYTOS Biology' podcasts and the 'mr i explains' YouTube channel are proudly sponsored by Curriculum Press - producers of global education resources for over 25 years. Visit https://curriculum-press.co.uk/ for details.
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KYTOS Biology

1
After The Bell - Exposing Brain Trauma in Contact Sports
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13:44Behind the bright lights and roaring crowds of contact sports lies a silent epidemic: repeated head trauma and its devastating effects on the brain. From NFL legends and MMA fighters to boxers and pro wrestlers, many athletes have suffered the irreversible consequences of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). In this episode, I explore the biolog…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Achondroplasia and Its Treatment - A Personal Perspective (with Ellie B and Kristen DeAndrade)
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29:29There are over 200 different types of dwarfism, with achondroplasia being the most common, affecting one in 25,000 births. Achondroplasia is caused by a spontaneous mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene that occurs in the developing embryo, resulting in a disproportionately short stature and abnormal growth in the spine and skull…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Obsessed with True Crime: The Biology Behind Our Dark Curiosity
13:03
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13:03From bingeing murder documentaries to tuning in to every new crime podcast, millions are hooked on true crime...but why? In this episode, I explore the surprising biological roots of our obsession, uncovering how fear, empathy, dopamine, and evolution all play a role. It turns out our brains are wired to pay attention to danger, feel for victims, a…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Can Animals Talk, or Are We Just Not Listening?
12:28
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12:28From dolphin whistles to parrot mimicry, and even AIprojects decoding whale song, science is beginning to explore what once seemed pure fantasy: the ability to truly communicate with animals. In this episode, I delve into the biology of language, the cognitive abilities of non-humanspecies, and the cutting-edge technologies bringing us closer to cr…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Learning It Isn’t Enough - Why You Can’t Just Memorise A-Level Biology
11:51
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11:51Memorising facts might get you part of the way in A-Level Biology, but true success lies in understanding how the systems connect, interact, and apply to real-world contexts. In this episode, I unpack why surface-level revision isn’t enough, especially under the AQA exam board...and how students can shift from rote learning to meaningful mastery. W…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Are Ghosts All in Our Heads? The Biology Behind Paranormal Phenomena
15:24
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15:24From cold chills and flickering lights to full-blown apparitions, tales of ghosts have haunted human imagination for centuries. But what if there’s a biological explanation for these experiences? In this episode, I explore how brain chemistry, sleep paralysis, sensory misfires, and even mould spores might explain the science behind what many believ…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Cutting Through the Controversy - The Educational Power of Dissection
13:55
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13:55While some argue that apps and 3D models can replace animal dissection in schools, hands-on anatomical exploration still offers something digital tools can’t. In this podcast, I dive into the value of dissection for learning biology - from exploring real brain and eye tissue to examining the intricacies of turtles and lampreys. I also address the e…
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KYTOS Biology

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When Doctors Make Mistakes - Consequences, Accountability, and the Human Cost
14:06
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14:06What happens when a doctor makes a mistake - and who pays the price? In this podcast, I explore the professional, legal, and emotional fallout of medical errors, from GMC investigations to courtroom drama and personal trauma. It’s a revealing look at the human side of medicine, where perfection is impossible and accountability is everything.…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Can We Ever Bring Dinosaurs Back to Life? - Making Jurassic Park a Reality
12:57
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12:57Could we ever bring dinosaurs back from extinction - and should we even try? Inspired by the legacy of Jurassic Park, this episode dives into the science of de-extinction, ancient DNA, and the ethical questions behind resurrecting long-lost species. From bold ambitions to sobering realities, we explore how close we really are to reviving the past.…
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In this podcast, I'm joined by A-Level biology student Amelie, who will delve into the mysterious world of animal dreams, exploring what’s happening in the brain when dogs twitch, cats flick their whiskers, or horses gallop in their sleep. She will examine REM sleep, neural patterns, and what current science suggests about the dreamscapes of our an…
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KYTOS Biology

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Brains, Bricks, and Biology – The Science of LEGO
12:11
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12:11What if building LEGO wasn’t just fun - but biologically good for your brain? In this episode, I explore how LEGO play boosts focus, reduces stress, sharpens motor skills, and supports creativity through real neurological and psychological mechanisms. Whether you're a parent, therapist, lifelong builder, or like me, only just discovering the joys o…
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KYTOS Biology

1
Unmasking 'Jack the Ripper' Through Biological Clues
12:25
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12:25The Jack the Ripper case remains one of the most studied and debated criminal mysteries in history. Biological evidence, from blood patterns and autopsy reports to modern DNA analysis, has played a crucial role in shaping the investigation and the various theories about the killer’s identity. Despite the significant advances in forensic science, th…
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KYTOS Biology

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Blood, DNA, and Justice - Exploring the O.J. Simpson Case
11:42
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11:42The O.J. Simpson case remains a landmark in the history of forensic science and criminal justice. The biological evidence, particularly the DNA analysis, was a cornerstone of the prosecution's case. However, the handling of this evidence, the cross-examination of experts, and the broader social context all played crucial roles in the trial's outcom…
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KYTOS Biology

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The Role of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) in Migraine Management - An Evidence-Based Perspective
12:28
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12:28Migraines are a debilitating neurological condition characterised by severe, recurring headaches, often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Despite the availability of various pharmacological treatments, the search for effective, well-tolerated, and safe preventive measures remains a priority. Among…
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KYTOS Biology

This episode explores anthropomorphism, the attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities, such as animals. Written and researched by my sixth form student Phoebe L, the discussion delves into how anthropomorphism can enhance animal welfare by fostering empathy and compassion. However, it also uncovers the hidden, potentially catastrop…
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KYTOS Biology

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Harry Potter And The Biology Of The Wizarding World
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13:32The Harry Potter series, while rooted in fantasy, offers a rich tapestry of biological concepts that enhance its magical narrative. By exploring the evolutionary adaptations of magical creatures, the botanical wonders of magical plants, and the biological foundations of spells and potions, we gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate world J.K. …
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Circadian rhythms are one of three biological rhythms that tell the body when to eat, sleep, wake up - the biological and psychological processes that oscillate in predictable patterns each day. This internal clock is influenced by external cues, like sunlight and temperature, which help determine whether one feels energised or exhausted at differe…
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KYTOS Biology

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The Biology Behind Beards - A Manifestation of Masculinity
10:54
10:54
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10:54In the realm of human appearance, few features carry as much symbolic weight as the beard. It's more than just a cluster of facial hair; it's a statement, a symbol of masculinity, wisdom, and even status in many cultures throughout history. But what lies beneath this seemingly simple facial adornment? Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the biology of bea…
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Medical ethics is essential for maintaining the integrity of healthcare practice, promoting patient well-being, and upholding the trust and confidence of both patients and the broader community in the medical profession. In this podcast, I'll explore the key ethical principles in relation to several controversial topics; genetic testing, genetic sc…
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KYTOS Biology

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The Daredevil Within - The Biology Behind Risk-Taking
16:24
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16:24There is no doubt that some individuals are much more risk averse than others, but how do we explain individual differences in risk-taking behaviour? Perhaps the answers lie in our biological differences; these can include differences in brain structure or function, as well as those caused by the process of evolution. Understanding the biological b…
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KYTOS Biology

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Endometriosis - Causes, Symptoms and Treatments (with Amelie D)
23:45
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23:45Endometriosis is a disorder that affects a staggering 190 million women worldwide, often associated with severe pelvic pain, period cramps and even infertility. In this podcast, Sixth Form Biology student Amelie D explores the potential causes of the condition, one that is both misunderstood and all too often misdiagnosed in the medical community, …
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KYTOS Biology

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Cosmetic Dentistry - Types, Benefits and Risks (with Yasmin J)
16:24
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16:24Cosmetic dentistry has gained unprecedented popularity. Whether your teeth exhibit chips, stains, wear, breakage, gaps, or misalignment, a variety of dental procedures are available to enhance the aesthetic appeal of your teeth, providing a significant confidence boost to your smile. In this podcast, Sixth Form Biology student Yasmin J explores the…
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KYTOS Biology

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Why was consumption romanticised in the 19th century? (with Felicity P)
19:11
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19:11Consumption, or pulmonary tuberculosis, killed around 25% of the adult population in the 19th century. So why was this deadly disease seen as fundamentally romantic, intellectual and aesthetic? In this podcast, Year 13 biologist Felicity P will explore causes of the romanticisation of consumption, from Victorian fashion and styles, to its role as a…
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KYTOS Biology

1
The Cruel Truth about Greyhound Racing
15:28
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15:28In this podcast, I reveal the shameful practices taking place in the greyhound racing industry, and the devastating truth as to why most rescues are classed as 'unrehomable' and so are euthanised. The story of my own rescue greyhound, Luca, is explored to provide some real life context.
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KYTOS Biology

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Curing Dementia - Examining The Role of our Glymphatic System
13:26
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13:26The glymphatic system works as a waste-carrying drainage system which removes unwanted materials from the brain. It was identified as a system in 2013 by Danish neuroscientist Maiken Nedergaard. He used the term glymphatic because the system works in a similar way to the lymphatic system but it is managed by the glial cells of the brain. There are …
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KYTOS Biology

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All About Gout - The 'Disease of Kings'
16:47
16:47
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16:47Arthritis is a family of diseases that cause pain and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are two common forms of arthritis. Worldwide, gout is currently the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. Gout happens when uric acid, a normal body waste, gets too high in the blood. Uric acid comes from the breakdown of puri…
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It wasn’t until Sperry’s split-brain research that it was possible to test the idea of hemispheric lateralisation. His studies used a unique group of participants, all of whom had undergone the same treatment for their severe epilepsy which involved cutting the corpus callosum in order to control severe epileptic seizures. While the surgery was suc…
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KYTOS Biology

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Treating Depression - Choosing between Medicines and Psychotherapy (With Poppy GT)
11:33
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11:33In this podcast, I’m joined by Poppy GT who discusses the various treatments available for those suffering with depression. Should someone opt to have psychotherapy as opposed to being prescribed antidepressants, or could a combination of both be the most effective form of treatment?
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KYTOS Biology

1
Human Embryology: Part 2 - The First Trimester
23:53
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23:53In this second podcast of the series, I describe the initial three-month journey from embryo to foetus, in a period known as the first trimester. I'll examine the significant developments that occur, not only in terms of overall length, but in the physical structures and features that begin to take shape.…
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KYTOS Biology

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Human Embryology: Part 1 - Fertilisation and Implantation
13:44
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13:44Human embryonic development is the development and formation of the human embryo. It is characterised by the processes of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, the development of the body entails growth from a single-celled zygote to an adult human being. Th…
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KYTOS Biology

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Anorexia Nervosa - Diagnosis, Treatment and Recovery
15:05
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15:05Any person, at any stage of their life, can experience an eating disorder. Of people with eating disorders in the UK, around 10% have Anorexia nervosa compared to 40% with Bulimia nervosa; binge eating disorder along with several other conditions make up the remaining 50%. Anorexia is a serious mental health condition which significantly impacts a …
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Head lice, or Pediculosis capitis, is a common condition caused by infestation of the scalp with head lice. While some people can have lice infestations with no symptoms, for most, the tell-tale sign is itching. Itching can affect the scalp, neck, and ears, and is caused by an allergic reaction to the louse saliva, which is injected under the skin …
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KYTOS Biology

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Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis
13:37
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13:37Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is recognised to be an autoimmune disease that causes preclinical systemic abnormalities and eventually leads to synovial inflammation and destruction of the joint architecture. Our understanding of this chronic inflammatory disease has evolved considerably during the past decade. Introduction of novel therapeutic strategi…
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Vasectomy is a safe, effective, and permanent method of birth control for men. It is also the most cost-effective form of birth control, costing half as much as a tubal ligation (having a woman's "tubes tied"). A successful vasectomy will last for life, but if circumstances change, the procedure can be reversed. In this podcast, I'll discuss how th…
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KYTOS Biology

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Acne vulgaris - Causes, Treatments and Prognosis
11:08
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11:08Acne is a common skin condition where the pores of your skin become blocked by hair, sebum (an oily substance), bacteria and dead skin cells. Those blockages produce blackheads, whiteheads, nodules and other types of pimples. Acne is the most common skin condition that people experience; it's estimated that 80% of people between the ages of 11 to 3…
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KYTOS Biology

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Would we be wise to pay more attention to the role of our microbiome with regard to our health?
19:23
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19:23Microbial genes have been found to perform a variety of functions including coding for enzymes to hydrolyse food we can't digest, coding for proteins that form essential nutrients, making vitamins we can’t produce and even helping to release energy from our diet. In addition to playing a vital role in metabolism, our microbiome stimulates the immun…
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2020 proved to us all that health is unpredictable. The pandemic, not only catalysed a global crisis as services were strained and lives were lost, but also forever altered the way we practice medicine. We saw a 50% drop in A&E visits, whilst more importantly a great proportion of appointments were moved online. This shows the great adaptability an…
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KYTOS Biology

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Therapies and Treatment for Autism
19:29
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19:29Autism is lifelong developmental disorder with no known cures. A significant amount of research has been conducted into the causes of autism and research is increasing into the treatment of autism. Given that research has indicated there appears to be functional and structural differences in the brains of individuals with autism as well as the fact…
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KYTOS Biology

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Killing Wildlife - Should we ever cull animals?
20:33
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20:33Culling is defined as the killing of animals in order to reduce population numbers. Culls can happen for various reasons, including health and disease control and prevention, or to protect other species. However, the ethics make the subject a strongly polarising one, and while culling in some cases may be necessary, it can be unclear when culling s…
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KYTOS Biology

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Great Biologists of Our Time - Gregor Mendel
12:23
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12:23There's no doubt that Gregor Mendel is one of the great biologists of our time. His findings on inheritance led to multiple new fields of research, most notably genetics, in which breakthroughs have revolutionised biology and medicine. His work helped to create the modern understanding of how evolution and selection works, and his mathematical meth…
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KYTOS Biology

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Mapping the Mind - Reviewing Famous Case Studies of Brain Injury
22:31
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22:31Sometimes, scientists can take advantage of real-world incidents to help us understand the function of particular parts of the brain. Psychologists can carry out case studies on people who have experienced bran injuries. They are not interested so much in the actual injury, but what that injury can tell us about the normal functions of the brain. (…
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KYTOS Biology

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Explanations of Near Death Experiences
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13:29There will always be elements of near death experiences (NDE's) that are difficult to explain scientifically. This is partly because researchers are entirely dependent on the reports people provide of their individual experience, which means the data is received second-hand and there is no way of verifying that the report given is accurate. Some re…
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KYTOS Biology

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The Stanford Prison Experiment
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16:05Are ‘ordinary’ people capable of carrying out wicked and immoral acts against other individuals, if the context suggests that is what is expected of them? These are the questions that Philip Zimbardo was trying to answer in his infamous study, 50 years ago. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for providing content for this podcast)…
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KYTOS Biology

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The Hidden Dangers of Vaping
15:30
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15:30Just one week before I recorded this podcast, the FDA, the Food and Drug Administration authorised e-cigarette products for use in the US for the first time ever, claiming that...'the benefit to adults trying to quit smoking outweighs the risk to young'. Vaping is often seen as the 'safer' alternative but research suggests that this is simply not t…
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KYTOS Biology

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Sniffing out the Truth with Forensic Odorology
14:35
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14:35How keen is your sense of smell? Well, according to new research published in Frontiers in Psychology, people who witnessed a crime are able to identify criminals by their smell. Police line-ups normally rely on sight, but nose-witnesses can be just as reliable as eye-witnesses. It's not quite time to replace the sniffer dogs, however; the 2010 Ame…
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KYTOS Biology

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Spotting the Fakes - Forensic Document Analysis
18:28
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18:28Forensics labs are frequently asked to examine documents to determine if they have been altered or forged. An altered document is an original, valid document that has been changed in some way. For example, one common type of altered document is a cheque in which the numbers have been changed to increase the amount drawn. A forged document is one th…
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KYTOS Biology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - A Short Introduction
10:54
10:54
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10:54COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the term given to a group of diseases which affect the lungs. These include emphysema and chronic bronchitis. They are inflammatory diseases and will obstruct air flow to and from the lungs. There is no cure for COPD as it causes permanent lung damage. Treatment can slow down the progression of the c…
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KYTOS Biology

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Obesity as a Genetic Problem
15:27
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15:27Obesity is rising dramatically across the world. Since 1975 it is estimated that the number of obese people has almost tripled. One of the chronic diseases that is linked to obesity is type 2 diabetes. The dramatic rise in individuals suffering from this disease is causing a global medical emergency. In a world where our knowledge of the importance…
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KYTOS Biology

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The Dirt Hypothesis, Allergies and Autoimmune Disease
16:22
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16:22By not being exposed to agents that stimulate our immune system in infancy, we are at greater risk of developing inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases in later life. Some scientists vigorously reject the hypothesis, arguing that the term hygiene hypothesis was potentially dangerous. This is because it might lead people to believe that they…
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KYTOS Biology

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Sepsis - The Hidden Killer
21:56
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21:56Sepsis is a condition which results from an uncontrolled and disorganised reaction of the body to an infection. If it is caught at an early stage, a combination of treatments can help to cure it. However, sepsis has the power to kill if left either undiagnosed or untreated. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for providing content for th…
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